![]() (B) Simple moderation model.Įvidence suggests several complex, multifaceted causal processes underpin the intergenerational transmission of trauma. (A) Single mediator model showing indirect, direct, and total effects. Simplified directed acyclic graphs for the intergenerational transmission of trauma from first (G1) to second (G2) generation through parental trauma exposure F0E0 child mental health outcome. Fig 1 demonstrates simplified DAGs for the intergenerational transmission of trauma including mediation ( Fig 1A) and moderation ( Fig 1B) paths.įig 1. ![]() DAGs can powerfully deduce causal relationships as they incorporate statistical approaches into a visual diagram. These relationships are often demonstrated visually through causal diagrams, most formally directed acyclic graphs (DAGs). Epidemiological studies can also identify potential moderators, or variables that influence the degree of association between an exposure and an outcome. Mediation studies quantify both direct and indirect effects, meaning the effect of exposure on the outcome and the effect of the exposure on the outcome through a mediating variable. Mediation studies examine the extent to which an intermediate variable (mediator) explains the effect of exposure on an outcome in an attempt to tease apart causal mechanisms. In addition to empirically demonstrating intergenerational trauma, it would be helpful to identify the causal processes underpinning this phenomenon as such findings could inform interventions aimed to prevent or mitigate it. However, few epidemiological studies have evaluated transmission from G1 to G3 and the few that have obtained mixed results. Researchers also speculate transmission from G1 to the third (G3) generation, which is supported by animal models. However, evidence is mixed, as additional reviews have been less conclusive. One recent meta-analysis showed that being a child of a Holocaust survivor was modestly associated with increased posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and another meta-analysis of studies across any population or trauma-type identified a significant association between parental PTSD symptoms and child PTSD symptoms. Researchers have evaluated intergenerational trauma through two main paths: (1) the path from parental trauma exposure to child psychopathology and (2) the path from parental trauma-related symptoms to child psychopathology. Many studies to date have focused on the descendants of Holocaust survivors, whereas smaller bodies of literature have included other populations and traumatic events, focusing primarily on the transmission of trauma-related symptoms from the first (G1) to the second (G2) generation. Epidemiological studies provide some evidence for intergenerational trauma. This results in subsequent generations experiencing the psychological effects of a traumatic event without exposure to it, such as increased risk of developing trauma- and stressor-related disorders. Intergenerational trauma is the process by which the psychological impact of a traumatic event is transmitted from one generation to the next. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: Detailed project materials, resources, statistical code, and protocol amendments are available on the Open Science Framework ( ).įunding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received: JAccepted: OctoPublished: November 15, 2022Ĭopyright: © 2022 Mew et al. PLoS ONE 17(11):Įditor: Michael Gilbert McCaul, Stellenbosch University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, SOUTH AFRICA ![]() (2022) Psychosocial family-level mediators in the intergenerational transmission of trauma: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Citation: Mew EJ, Nyhan K, Bonumwezi JL, Blas V, Gorman H, Hennein R, et al. ![]()
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